All the saints together
Let’s create a
hypothetical scenario: In this scenario we have every Christian who has ever
lived, thousands of years of us, sitting in a giant room talking about
theology. We start asking a series of controversial theological questions:
Should infants be baptized? Is Amillenialism true? Do spiritual gifts continue throughout the
life of the church? After each question we ask our brothers and sisters to vote
by shouting “yay” or “nay”. Millions of voices sound out on each side of these
debates, after all, these are the things that have challenged us throughout our
history as the people of God. Now imagine that we asked a question, and a
deafening flood of affirmations came in that echoed through the chamber in
beautiful unison countless numbers of God’s people, over 99% of them through
all time, filled with the Holy Spirit of God, clamored that this was the truth
before God, and the denials came through in a barely audible whisper compared
to the vast chamber in which we stood. What would or reaction be? Certainly we
would think that the burden of proof on such a tiny minority would be
tremendous, since they insist that they are enlightened on a doctrine that so
many saints missed century after century.
The fact that something is believed
by a majority is never proof that something is true, however, in theology, when
it is the Holy Spirit of God who is guiding each and every Christian, we would
certainly expect that for every truth we would have a very strong
representation of voices in history who insisted on these truths, especially
when this doctrine is something that Jesus Christ spent a great deal of time
teaching on. To tell over 99% of Christians throughout all time that they are
ignoring the actual meaning of the words of their beloved Savior is a very bold
claim, and one that requires an absolutely foolproof case in support.
Annihilationism
Annihilationism
is the belief that God would be unjust if He punished people eternally for
their transgressions against his Holiness. Therefore, they contend, God
punishes people for a short while and then obliterates them from existence
entirely.
Who are the Annihilationists?
There are
multiple false cults who hold to annihilationism, as well as fringe Christian
groups whose orthodoxy is highly questionable.
The Jehovah’s
Witnesses hold to a form of annihilationism, they also reject the deity of
Jesus Christ and are not a Christian group in any way whatsoever.
The Church of
God 7th Day Salem Conference is another group that rejects the
doctrine of the Trinity but very adamantly supports annihilationism. This is
not a Christian group.
Christadelphians
are another group that reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity but hold to
annihilationism. They also teach that both good and evil come directly from God
and that he’s responsible for the evil that is in the world. This is not a
Christian group at all.
The Seventh Day
Adventists, whose theology traces back to the false prophet Ellen G. White and
who un-Biblically bind the conscience of believers to kosher laws, are very
strongly annihilationist. They also teach that Michael the Archangel in the Old
Testament is actually Jesus, something unsubstantiated by Scriptural testimony.
If the Seventh Day Adventists are a Christian group, which is debatable, they
are a fringe group at best.
These are the
largest groups that hold this doctrine. The leading Bible scholars who hold
this view, currently, are Clark Pinnock and Greg Boyd, both of whom deny that
God has knowledge of the future.
Scholar N.T.
Wright, who denies the doctrine of Justification by Faith alone, is undecided
on this issue.
Other deeply
questionable supporters of this view are Edward Fudge, of the Churches of
Christ (known for their highly controversial views on the relationship between
baptism and salvation) who wrote a very famous book defending annihilationism,
called The Fire that Consumes, and Harold Camping, known for his false
prophecies related to the end times.
Support for
annihilationism that doesn’t come from deeply questionable sources is extremely
limited. John Stott, a deservedly
respected Bible scholar, gave a tentative, albeit somewhat non-committal,
endorsement of the doctrine in the space of about six pages in a book to which
he contributed. John Wenham supported the view, but only did so in his published
works after his death. Michael Green fits on this list similarly, as does Philip
Edgcumbe Hughes All of these men were Anglicans.
The most notable
Southern Baptist proponent was E. Earle Ellis, who did not write on it
extensively.
What is wrong
with Annihilationism?
The problems
with this view are too numerous to cover extensively in this post, so we will
simply introduce the basic points that make this view untenable.
Their exegesis
is illogical
Many of the
annihilationists listed above reject the doctrine of the Trinity. I do not
think this is an accident at all. Now, let me be extremely clear, I do not
think that all Annihilationists are heretical, in fact, as we saw above, there
is a small contingent of conservative, Bible believing Christians of that
persuasion, but I think they hold this particular view in a way that is utterly
inconsistent with their own theology. Here is why.
In a post on
this blog that I am certain everyone besides me has forgotten about, we quoted
D.A. Carson’s text on exegetical fallacies. A fallacy is a method of reasoning
that is not valid, and that, therefore, cannot be trusted. One of the fallacies
we mentioned was called the “root fallacy”. The root fallacy, essentially,
tells us that if we isolate a word and get its core dictionary definition, then
we understand what that word means in any given situation. Annihilationists
want to really focus on the Greek word apollumi, and will often make quite a
show of listing out the lexicon or dictionary definition of this word, out of
context of specific Biblical passages, and then will place that word back into
the Biblical passages and ask you to accept this meaning. First of all, they’ve
committed the root fallacy by doing this in this way. Second, they tend to
ignore the many lexicons that offer definitions of apollumi that they do not
like.
For instance, Strong’s exhaustive concordance points out that the destruction
described in apollumi can be either literal or figurative (though the
annihilationist wants to insist that it’s literal). Thayer’s Greek Lexicon
points out that it can mean that something is permanently lost or “to devote or
give over to eternal misery”. But these definitions are avoided most of the
time by annihilationists.
This bad exegesis is why so many annihilationists are not Trinitarians. They
tend to look at the fact that the Bible refers to Jesus as the “Son of God” and
they say that every other time we ever see someone referred to as someone else’s
“son” we are referring to two different beings, thus, Jesus and God must be two
separate beings. It’s the same bad logic being repackaged on a much more
important doctrine. The only difference is that the non-Trinitarians are using
this logic consistently, while more orthodox annihilationists have carved our a
special case for this pet doctrine.
Annihilationism
devalues the Image of God
All human beings
are made in God’s image. To assert that God takes a human being out of
existence, entirely, is to say that God destroys his own image. Every time we
sin, we degrade, insult and lessen the glory of the eternal image of God. That
is why we are punished eternally for it, because the Glory that we have shamed
is eternal. It is not a matter of how long we sinned, it is a matter of what we
sinned against. In annihlationism, we are asked to believe that God obliterates
an expression of the same image that he is punishing us for devaluing in the
first place.
Annihilationism
makes man the judge of God, minimizes the severity of man’s Sin, and devalues
the work of Christ
An
annihilationist will tell you that it would not be “fair” for man to be
punished eternally for spitting in the face of the eternal glory of God. They
want to call their view “Just Punishment” as if the view held by almost all
Christians throughout time promotes unjust punishment. But by what definition
is he determining fairness? First of all, Biblically, it’s impossible for an
annihilationist to give you a time of how “long” God can punish people for sin
on earth (assuming time works that way in eternity, which is a massive
assumption). So they don’t actually have a Biblical case for why a person cannot
be punished for trillions of years for something done in their life, they just
claim it has to stop at some point for God to be just. But, the Bible does not
say that God would be unjust to punish a being eternally, so where are they
getting this idea? It is a human invention, and a man made assumption.
In Romans
chapter 9, Paul responds to those who would like to deem an action of God
unjust:
“19 You will say to me then, “Why does he still find fault? For who can
resist his will?” 20 But who are you, O man, to answer back to God? Will what
is molded say to its molder, “Why have you made me like this?” 21 Has the
potter no right over the clay, to make out of the same lump one vessel for
honorable use and another for dishonorable use?”
Because God is
essentially good, he defines what is good and what is not. Without Biblical
warrant, it is absolutely and completely wrong for a human being to declare
that “God would be unjust or unfair if he did this.” We are the clay, God is
the potter, and our reason is not a valid starting point for questioning his
actions.
Man sins against
an eternally Holy and an eternally Glorious God. To downplay that and to
suggest that God would not be just in pouring out an eternity of punishment for
that sin is a terrible thing. Adam sinned one time. Once. And immediately God
promised to send his son (Genesis 3:15). One sin by mankind required the death
of God himself, and all the suffering and brutality that went along with it, to
atone for. Nothing else would do. That’s just one sin, multiply that by the
countless sins committed by every person who ever lived. Christ is so glorious
that his payment covers all those sins, but what the annihilationist must
propose is that sinning against God and then also rejecting this sacrifice by his
son somehow only merits a very limited time of punishment. God is more glorious
than that.
Annihilationism does
not promote Eternal Punishment
Matthew 25 says:
“Then He will answer them, 'Truly I say to you,
to the extent that you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not
do it to Me.' 46"These will go away into eternal punishment, but the
righteous into eternal life."
A person can only be punished so long as a
person exists. If a person ceases to exist, you can no longer do anything to
that person. If annihilationism is true, the punishment for the unrighteous stops
the very moment that the unrighteous cease to exist. Thus their punishment is
only temporary.
This corresponds with how we react to
punishment in this life. Constantly, we as Christians are reminded that our
suffering here on earth is only temporary. We do not say that a corpse
continues to suffer, we do not say that a corpse continues to be punished when
we put people to death. The second that person is no longer here on earth, we
consider their punishment done.
All of those claims must be wrong if annihilationism
is correct. When groups like ISIS mutilate the bodies of their dead enemies, we
would have to consider that to be further punishment to those people if we want
to be consistent with annihilationism. Thankfully, we don’t view it that way,
we believe that any punishment to that person ends when they transition to the
afterlife.
Annihilationism takes an atheistic view of
Death
Revelation 21: “5 And he who was seated on the
throne said, “Behold, I am making all things new.” Also he said, “Write this
down, for these words are trustworthy and true.” 6 And he said to me, “It is
done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end. To the thirsty I
will give from the spring of the water of life without payment. 7 The one who
conquers will have this heritage, and I will be his God and he will be my son.
8 But as for the cowardly, the faithless, the detestable, as for murderers, the
sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars, their portion will be in
the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death.”
The annihilationist insists that this second death is the
finality of a person, they even try to say that this is somehow the way that
people normally view death, but that’s not the case at all, is it? Throughout
all human history, the vast, vast majority of people have believed in an
afterlife. (100% of people who worshipped the one true God thought this as
well). That means that death, in how it is normally understood, is seen as a
transition from one sort of existence to another, and is never viewed as the
final end of a person. Modern atheists are among the only people on earth who
view death as the final end of a person. So, when we see this reference to a
second death, we are being asked by annihilationists to view this death the way
atheists view death.
The Bible teaches eternal conscious punishment
There are many Bible passages that affirm this, but one I want
to draw attention to is in Revelation 14.
“9 And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a loud
voice, “If anyone worships the beast and its image and receives a mark on his
forehead or on his hand, 10 he also will drink the wine of God's wrath, poured
full strength into the cup of his anger, and he will be tormented with fire and
sulfur in the presence of the holy angels and in the presence of the Lamb. 11
And the smoke of their torment goes up forever and ever, and they have no rest,
day or night, these worshipers of the beast and its image, and whoever receives
the mark of its name.”
It is only “their” torment so long as “they” exist, and the Bible
tells us that they have no rest, day or night, as their torment continues to
produce smoke forever.
Conclusion
The overwhelming majority of Christians have gotten this right
throughout history. Eternal Conscious Punishment is the only logical and Biblical
view of the doctrine of Hell, and Annihilationism as a belief is not supported
by the Biblical text at all.
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